Ethical Behavior and Social Responsibility of Organizations Essay Example for Free

Moral Behavior and Social Responsibility of Organizations Essay Presentation Legitimate moral conduct is a huge piece of directing business. Associations should subsequently discover approaches to fuse moral contemplations into their vital arrangement. Firms need to rehearse self administration and comply with existing laws on the off chance that they are to guarantee their endurance and the prosperity of the general public where they exist. The choices made by an association influence society all in all. This paper will look at the social duties of associations to every one of their partners. These include: clients, workers, investors, providers, the nearby government and the earth. Each segment of this report is enhanced with a contextual analysis delineating the results of untrustworthy conduct in business. Characterizing Ethics Morals is an omnipresent term that is dependent upon individual translation. People and gatherings are guided by moral standards or qualities. Their convictions help them to fix norms for interpreting from wrong (Little, 2011). Moral qualities are dynamic and are subsequently dependent upon renegotiation and change. These progressions are regularly affected by intermittent and relevant conditions. As moral convictions contrast from individual to individual, it may not be totally conceivable to impart a widespread arrangement of qualities. Additionally, numerous people have various perspectives while figuring out what is correct and what's going on (Little, 2011). Locally, moral qualities will in general be firmly adjusted. People who have been associated in a specific district are bound to have comparable qualities, laws, religion, information and culture. With the development of organized commerce understandings, numerous organizations have the chance to lead universal business. Despite the fact that these associations are typically fruitful in adjusting their financial advantages, many have neglected to perceive or comprehend the social standards, laws and moral acts of the nation they are directing business with. Characterizing Social Responsibility An organization’s way to deal with social obligation can affect its picture and notoriety. Contingent upon how an association tends to this part of business, morals can either be a quality or a shortcoming. Social duty can be isolated into three classifications: mandatory, receptive or responsive conduct (Duening Ivancevisch, 2008). An association that carries on of social commitment will in general direct its conduct to the lawful quest for benefit (Duening et al., 2008). Socially receptive associations regularly hold fast to accepted practices, qualities and execution desires (Duening et al., 2008). These associations must be responsible for the biological, ecological and social expenses brought about by their activities (Duening et al., 2008). In conclusion, socially responsive associations regularly participate in conduct that surpasses the activities taken by socially committed and socially receptive associations. For instance, these organizations take remains on open issues, represent their activities, foresee future needs of society, push toward fulfilling them, and speak with the administration in regards to existing and foreseen socially attractive enactment (Duening et al., 2008). As outlined above, social obligation can mean various things to various individuals. From a wide perspective, social duty is a consistence to the legitimate commitments, accepted practices and moral guidelines of society. With the end goal of this paper, I will utilize the wide feeling of the term, except if in any case indicated. Social Responsibility of Organizations to Internal Beneficiaries Social Responsibility to Employees Lawfully, associations are answerable for giving their representatives a lowest pay permitted by law, safe working conditions and the opportunity to shape an association (Duening et al., 2008). These laws dishearten the board from making work environments that abuse representative social liberties (Duening et al., 2008). Be that as it may, some low maintenance bosses, drive-thru eateries and retailers give just the base. Verifiably, worker benefits rose out of weight from representatives, associations and the network. Today, most associations are relied upon to go past the base lawful prerequisites by furnishing their workers with â€Å"fringe benefits†, for example, retirement assets, wellbeing and mishap protection (Duening et al., 2008). Numerous socially receptive and socially responsive associations have stretched out their advantages to incorporate preparing, profession improvement, advising, worker help programs, day-care and strategic scheduling approaches. As worker family life turns out to be progressively unpredictable, associations must discover approaches to offer help. Numerous advanced associations are worried about worker fulfillment and the advantages related with it. Representatives who are content show a higher pledge to the association, which frequently converts into less non-attendance, higher resolve and higher efficiency. By and large, the advanced laborer needs his business to be both important and satisfying (Duening et al., 2008). Social Irresponsibility to Employees: Wal-Mart Wal-shop is one of the most productive and effectively run associations on the planet. In 2005, the partnership netted 200 and forty billion dollars in deals, yet still neglected to furnish its representatives with medicinal services benefits and a decent compensation (Greenwald Gilliam, 2005). On various events, the association fail to furnish its representatives with the fundamental lawful necessities. Accordingly, Wal-shop is currently confronting various legal claims. Reports propose that the association is likewise famous for keeping its stores understaffed. Albeit additional time is once in a while a choice, representatives are as yet expected to work off the clock to take care of business (Greenwald et al., 2005). Laborers are requested to finish their undertakings and are frequently informed that they can be supplanted. Given their lamentable individual conditions, numerous representatives set up with this maltreatment. As far as representative prosperity, a vast larger part of Walmart’s laborers can't bear the cost of the company’s fundamental clinical protection at only seventy-five dollars for each month. (Greenwald et al., 2005). In any case, Wal-shop urges its workers to search out area 8 lodging, food stamps and government-gave medical coverage. (Greenwald et al., 2005). Clearly, Wal-mart’s ordinary low costs are an aftereffect of citizen sponsorships. Across the nation, Wal-shop is costing citizens more than one and a half billion dollars every year in appropriations for its workers (Greenwald et al., 2005). Because of these approaches, Walmart’s normal deals representative is living beneath the Federal Poverty Line. (Greenwald et al., 2005). In 2001, Barbara Ehrenreich directed a sociological report to decide if she could get by on a low compensation. She got a new line of work at Wal-shop in Minnesota. Her investigation reaffirmed the poor working conditions that Wal-shop representatives frequently persevere. In the accompanying statement Ehrenreich discusses a shirt that she needed to buy for work: â€Å"One of the guidelines is that our shirts must have collars, so they must be polos, not tees. Some way or another Id missed this during direction At $7 60 minutes, a $7 shirt is simply not going to make it to my shopping list† (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.88). Given the low pay that she procures, she experiences issues defending the acquisition of a seven dollar work shirt. In the following statement, her collaborator Alyssa ends up in a progressively troublesome circumstance: â€Å"Alyssa is another objective for my campaign. At the point when she comes back to check once more on that $7 polo, she finds a stain on it. What would she be able to get off for that? I think 10 percent, and in the event that you include the 10 percent representative markdown, marry be down to $5.60. Im attempting to arrange a 20 percent value decrease with the fitting room woman when spoiled karma Howard appears and declares that there are no decreases and no worker limits on clearanced things. Those are the principles. Alyssa looks squashed, and I advise her, when Howards far out, that theres something incorrectly when youre not paid enough to purchase a Wal-Mart shirt, a clearanced Wal-Mart shirt with a stain on it. I hear you, she says, and concedes Wal-Mart isnt working for her either, if the objective is to make a living† (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.100). Wal-bazaar is additionally famous for crushing associations. In the event that a branch intends to hold an association vote, the association will recruit new representatives to weaken the quantity of individuals who are master association. In addition, the association allocates each store a 7,000 dollar against association bundle; a thirty-thousand dollar covert government agent van, access to the organization’s one hundred thousand dollar hostile to association hot-line; and the utilization of its 7,000,000 dollar corporate stream for fast reaction (Greenwald et al., 2005). In the event that a branch is fruitful in an association vote, Wal-shop won't stop for a second to shut down that specific retail outlet. In rundown, with the nonattendance of associations and the current outlook of the executives, it is exceptionally far-fetched that worker working conditions will improve at any point in the near future. Social Responsibility to Shareholders Associations have a social obligation to their investors and must give precise data to speculation choices. (Duening et al., 2008). As expressed by Duening and Ivancevich, â€Å"the extreme move an investor can make is to sell the stock† (2008). It is significant that authoritative data be straightforward and open. Additionally, associations must be as proficient and viable as conceivable with the utilization of their assets. Any procedure or item include that doesn't include esteem is inefficient and adversy affects the main concern. Financial specialists of the twenty-first century need moment satisfaction and are along these lines regularly focused on transient profit. As partnerships and their chiefs face pressure from investors to deliver mollifying quarterly outcomes, they frequently neglect to consider the drawn out prosperity of the association, its representatives and the earth. Lately, there

Analysis of Direct Costs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investigation of Direct Costs - Assignment Example Direct Labor: is the work or representatives who convert materials into the company’s items. The expense of direct work can be followed legitimately to the completed products.† (Horngren, Harrison, and Oliver, 2009). Every other cost charged under the classes Overhead Costs and General and Administrative Costs are backhanded expenses. These incorporate backhanded work, fix, support, utilities, lease, protection, property charges and deteriorations. Direct material expense is the expense of huge materials that are utilized in the assembling of an item or that are spent in offering an assistance. Direct material expenses are explicitly recognizable to the agreement. FAR guidelines additionally give arrangement to exchange limits, discounts, credits for scrap, rescue, and comes back to merchant, to be changed in accordance with the immediate material expenses. Evaluated Bill of Sales, has point by point rundown of all materials expected to create the necessary item or administration is utilized for assessing the immediate expense. To examine assessed expenses of materials, the elements in survey center are: Are the things amounts and expenses of materials right? Are settling on or purchasing choices are suitable? Is the material bought effectively and seriously? (Murphy, 2009). Direct work cost will be cost of work explicitly related to a specific agreement that an organization is doing. Following are three sorts of direct work: Labor legitimately connected with the work being created, work promptly related to a specific goal, for example, an agreement, and work sufficiently significant to warrant recognizing and estimating so we can stay aware of its expense. When all is said in done way to deal with break down direct work cost is to inspect every component of proposed cost. The contracting official ought to for the most part demand examination of cost or evaluating proposition by asking necessities coordinations, or other proper work force to audit and survey the requirement for the number and sorts of

How to Cope When You Are Alone on Thanksgiving

How to Cope When You Are Alone on Thanksgiving Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Cope When You Are Alone on Thanksgiving By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on August 17, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Getty Images Being alone on Thanksgiving can feel challenging. This holiday is a time of year that many people spend in the company of family and friends. If you live with social anxiety disorder (SAD), you might find yourself alone this time of year. Perhaps you turned down invitations to gatherings because of your anxiety, or maybe your relatives live out of town. Whatever the reason for being alone, there are ways that you can feel less lonely. In general, there are three ways to cope. Accept that you are alone and make the most of your time.Find people to spend time with so that you dont feel so lonely.Spend the holiday making plans so that you will not be alone this time next year. Accept Being Alone Accepting being alone doesnt necessarily mean staying home and feeling lonely. There are many things that you can do on Thanksgiving that put you in the company of people, or connect you with people, while you are still alone. Travel Traveling can take your mind off being alone on Thanksgiving. Try visiting one of the cities hosting a Thanksgiving Day parade; for example, the Macys Day parade is held every Thanksgiving in New York City. If you want to escape being alone on Thanksgiving altogether, choose a country that doesnt celebrate Thanksgiving or where it takes place on a different date, such as Canada. Tip: If you dont want to travel alone, join a tour for single travelers. Write Letters Take the day to write letters or emails to family and friends. Connect with people whom you might not normally contact, and plan for possibly reconnecting and not being alone on Thanksgiving next year. You could even try writing a letter to yourself. Plan on opening it next year to see what you were thinking and feeling, and observe what changes you have made and how things have improved.   How to Journal Write Effectively to Ease Anxiety Become a Sports Fan Thanksgiving is a perfect  day to become a sports fan. Spend the day watching football games, learning the rules of the sport, and choosing a favorite team. Having a little knowledge of sports can also be helpful when making small talk. Next year you might find yourself hosting a Thanksgiving football gathering instead of being alone on Thanksgiving. Be Productive Make it a productive day and get your house organized.  Clean out closets, get the paperwork in order, make to-do lists,  and generally get control of the little details in your life. You will end the day with a feeling of accomplishment, and the ability to focus on your relationships with others because your life is manageable. Get Outdoors Depending on your climate, Thanksgiving day can be a marvelous time to head outdoors for a nature walk or hike. A 2017 study published in PLoS ONE showed that an outdoor activity such as hiking results in a more positive and less negative emotional state compared to just sitting or even compared to walking on a treadmill indoors.   You might even cross paths with other nature lovers who are alone on Thanksgiving. If you dont like the idea of walking alone and are an animal lover, plan to adopt a dog to accompany you next year. People Watch If you cant be in the company of others, you can at least get out and be among people. Although most businesses will be closed on Thanksgiving Day, you are likely to find restaurants and coffee shops that are open. Choose a spot where you can sit and watch people come and go. If you feel self-conscious sitting alone, bring along a newspaper to read or a laptop to check emails or surf the Internet. Find Companions Even if you are alone on Thanksgiving, that doesnt mean you cant reach out to others. The best way to do this is often to put others needs ahead of your own. Who else might be lonely this time of year? Who else is wishing that they had a companion? When you can answer those questions, you will have found a way to ease your own loneliness. Volunteer Volunteering to help those less fortunate during the holidays will make you feel good and also help minimize feelings of being alone on Thanksgiving. If you dont want to go the traditional route of helping out in a soup kitchen or with a food drive, there are still lots of opportunities to donate your time. Perhaps your local animal shelter needs help taking dogs out for walks or a seniors residence would like visitors for their guests who are also alone on Thanksgiving. Volunteering is an excellent  way to be thankful for what you have and to realize that your situation could be worse.   Why Being Good to Others Is Also Benefits You Get in Touch With Others Who Are Alone Thanksgiving does not have to be spent with family. If you know of coworkers or acquaintances who are going to be alone on Thanksgiving, ask if they would like to spend the holiday together. Start your own holiday tradition and plan a Thanksgiving gathering to create new friendships. Play card games to stimulate conversation and get to know each other better Plan for the Future Perhaps you turned down invitations to dinner this year because of your anxiety. Make a promise to yourself that next year will be different. A year is plenty of time to get control of your anxiety and reconnect with people in your life. If all else fails and you still find yourself lonely on  Thanksgiving, simply try to make it through the day. Remember that it is only one day out of the year and that it will be over before you know it. Make a vow to yourself to get help for your anxiety so that it doesnt interfere with making plans for next Thanksgiving. 8 Ways to Stay in Control of Your Social Anxiety A Word From Verywell If severe social anxiety is preventing you from connecting with others at Thanksgiving or other times of the year, it is best to make an appointment with your doctor. SAD is a highly treatable disorder with good success rates for both therapy and medication.

Analysis Of Of Mice And Men And Death Of A Salesman

Julia Savu Coursework question: How does the writer ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘Death Of A Salesman’ present the theme of hopelessness and failure of the American Dream? American Dream: Every women and men should have the opportunity to achieve their goals and their dreams, no matter of their social class or their ability. Hopelessness: Having dreams/goals but knowing there’s a small chance of them being accomplished in future. The writers of the books ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘Death Of A Salesman’ have a certain use of words/phrases that demonstrate a clear use of the themes ‘hopelessness’ and ‘failure of the American Dream’. To begin with, John Steinbeck has used the following quote: ‘I could live so easy have a girl maybe’. This quote presents how one of the main characters ‘George’ is feeling hopeless about his dreams as he knows that taking care of Lennie would mean his dreams will be hard to achieve as it is a big responsibility to be with Lennie due to his mental difficulties. Furthermore, the writer has used the phrase: ‘I could live so easy if I didn’t have you on my tail’ gives us a clear suggestion that George is directly telling Lennie how easy his life would be without him. John Steinbeck is also directly telling us how George and Lennie present the theme of hopelessness in the book by showing how Lennie has to be taken care of by George and how Lennie is and extra advantage for George because of his strong physical ability. The quote ‘we gonna work on a ranch ‘alsoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men And Death Of A Salesman1810 Words   |  8 Pageshopelessness ingrained in the American Dream, through the analysis of the many characters in their texts(Of Mice And Men Death Of A Salesman).Of Mice And Men was set in 1937,it had been set in the event of the great depression , at this time unemployment rate had boosted up, thus leaving majority thoroughly poor, the text relates to this event as all characters are either working to escape poverty or had already failed to escape it. Death of a salesman was set in 1949, after the World War 2 , by thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Of A Salesman And Of Mice And Men 1943 Words   |  8 PagesArthur Miller and John Steinbeck portray the failure and hopelessness of the American dream in the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and in the novella â€Å"Of Mice and Men†. The American Dream is the idea that any man or woman can make his or her own fortune, despite his or her past. The principles of the American dream are hard work and determination it is believed that this will ensures success. Through the creation of the main characters of the play and novella Arthur Miller and John Steinbeck show thatRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdecision, too. He wants to stay, but not by himself. Still, he isnt convinced by Juanitas reasons. Look, he says, if the stream were poisonous, everything in it would look dead. There are water spiders and plants living in the stream. Its no death trap. At this point you are faced with one of lifes little decisions: What do you do about the water situation? Go or stay? Someone else might make this decision by flipping a coin. A logical reasoner is more rational. 4 A first step inRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesNetworking Strategy 321 PART III Acquiring Information Systems 327 Chapter 8 Basic Systems Concepts and Tools The Systems View What Is a System? 329 329 330 Seven Key System Elements Organizations as Systems 330 334 Systems Analysis and Design 335 Business Processes 336 Identifying Business Processes 336 Business Process Redesign 336 Processes and Techniques to Develop Information Systems 339 The Information Systems Development Life Cycle 339 Structured

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Roger Federer Free Essays

Roger Federer’s fundamental needs, values, and orientation towards life are symbolized by the four astrological elements. Each person has their own unique balance of these four basic energies: fire (warmth, inspiration, enthusiasm), earth (practicality, realism, material interests), air (social and intellectual qualities), and water (emotional needs and feelings). Federer’s â€Å"elemental make-up† is described below. We will write a custom essay sample on Roger Federer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Remember that most people are â€Å"unbalanced† or lopsided, and if Roger is lacking or deficient in a certain element (or elements), it simply means that he needs to consciously develop that particular aspect in order to appreciate and/or work harder in that dimension of life. Sometimes we overestimate the element that we are least endowed with, sensing it as a lack within ourselves, but more often we neglect or ignore it. The qualities described below will be reiterated and explained in more detail in the following pages.His life is likely to be full of emotional extremes, turbulence, joy and sorrow stemming from his own passionate nature and unpredictability. Roger Federer is impulsive and temperamental. For Roger, everything is intensely personal and colored by emotion. He may have difficulty viewing a situation from a detached, impartial or rational perspective, and he has little inclination to structure and order his life. However, fostering self-discipline, organization and focus is essential.Otherwise Roger Federer will be prone to extreme moodiness, alternating between lofty inspiration and despondency. At times, Roger Federer feels a great deal of internal pressure due to two of his dominant impulses which tend to conflict with one another. The desire for independence and freedom, the need for self-expression and ego recognition, and the urge to leave the past behind in order to propel himself into new experiences may clash with other, equally powerful needs – namely attachments to people and to the familiar, a compelling urge for emotional closeness, and a desire for security.Balancing these two drives is a significant challenge for Federer. Even though his life may be less balanced and perhaps less stable than that of others, it is u nlikely that Roger Federer would change it because he is very vibrant, sensitive and responsive to the ever-changing, dynamic quality of life. However, as you will read in the next chapter, Roger Federer has a sense of practical orientation and a certain down-to-earth approach, which helps to ground him somewhat. How to cite Roger Federer, Papers

Child observation free essay sample

Oct. 04, 2013 around 12:00pm to 5:00pm the time was at the Caregiver’s house and outside in the park. They have some toys in the dinning room. The main area for the toddler to play is in the dinning room. The kitchen, living room, and bedroom are an open area. The toddler basically runs around the hold house and play until there’s something to do. The toddler has a lot of toys to play with, he has trucks, cars, little bitty puzzle with five to ten pieces, and he has a couple of balls and balloons to play with. The floor is carpeted, so the toddler really don’t play ball as much in the house. The parents keep the house clean enough. There are four children that lives in the house and the two oldest ones were in school. So it was just the caregiver, the toddler, the infant, and me, in the house. The father went to work earlier. My toddler observation is about the toddler and what he does in a day’s time with the caregiver. The toddler is my daughter in-law son. His father is an African American and his mother is the same. It’s very nice to know that the family is getting along just fine. The father was born in Illinois and raised on the north side. The toddler’s mother was also born in Illinois and raised on the west side of Chicago. The toddler is about 2 and ? years old, he has black hair like his parents, nails are normal dark brown eyes, a mouth full of teeth, and his head is normal size. I was there when he was born he weighed 28lbs. and was 27 inches long. His eyes were shut at the time and his nose was round. Basically everything is still the same except his hair grew a little longer, his fingers are thicker, and it’s much easier to see his neck now compared to the time when he was born. After sitting there for a while observing the caregiver and the toddler’s surroundings, I found out that his mother loves all of children and they were well taken care of , even the infant that finally woke and was cooing while waking up. The toddler walked over to the caregiver and asks her, (mommy can we go outside and play today)? And the caregiver says yes as soon as we get ourselves together and put some clothes on then we can go outside. After the caregiver washes the child up, then she calls him and tells him (come here and let me show you how to put your clothes on, so you can learn how to put them on yourself from now on ok)? And the toddler says ok, mommy. The caregiver says to the toddler (lets put your socks on first and then your pair of pants). So she shows the toddler how to put his clothes on and then he turns to the caregiver and says: mommy, did I do this right? And she said (yes; now let’s learn how to put your shirt and shoes on). While the toddler was putting on his shoes and shirt, she continued to show him so he can learn. The caregiver says to the toddler (now that you have learned how to put your clothes on we’ll have to do this for an everyday routine until you get it completely right ok)? And the toddler says ok mommy. So the toddler is standing there singing, (I put my clothes on, I put my clothes on). Then the caregiver joins in with him singing (you put your clothes on, you put your clothes on). Then she says to the toddler that’s how you learn. So the caregiver says to the toddler (do you have everything you need, so we can go outside)? And the toddler says: I have my socks, pants, shirt, and shoes on, do I need my jacket? And the caregiver says: not right now because it’s pretty hot outside. So the caregiver also had to get the infant prepared to go outside too. So as she was changing the infant’s pamper, she starts singing to him. ( Hush little baby don’t say a word, mommy’s going to by you a marking bird). She continued to sing until she was done and then she put him in the stroller and put his things he needed behind the stroller. The caregiver told the toddler to go and grab his ball so they can go play catch outside in the park across the street. So we finally walked down the stairs and across the street. Now we were in the park. The caregiver ask the toddler to throw her the ball and the toddler says (ok mommy I’ll throw you the ball and they started to play. ) While the caregiver and the toddler were playing, there were other children at the park that wanted to play with them. So the caregiver told them to come on and join in and play with us, and the toddler says (mommy are they going to play with us)? And the caregiver says yes they are going to play with us. After they started playing ball and having fun the one of the little boys was hit in the head with the ball, and he started to cry,  and the caregiver asked him what was wrong and he said 🙠 I got hit in the head with the ball)! And the caregiver says to him (come here let me rub your head for you so that it could feel better). Then the caregiver calls all of the children over in fact it was only four of them and she told them that mystical was hit in the head with the ball so we should all pitch in to help mystical feel better, so let’s just all give him a big hug, they all hug mystical to make him feel better and they started to play again. They stayed out there for a couple of ours with the toddler, the infant, and all of the other boys and then she called them over and asked them if they wanted to sing a song and they said yes, let’s sing Old McDonald, and the caregiver said that’s a good song to sing so they all started to sing the song while she was trying to teach the toddler how to sing it too. After singing the song for a while everyone was kind of tired so they left to go home. Then the caregiver and the toddler and the infant also went home. Now out of all of this time while the infant was outside he was sleep and didn’t give the caregiver any problems. So the toddler says to the caregiver, mommy I had me some fun and the caregiver said good I’m glad you had fun. My recommendation for the caregiver is that she should allow this to be a routine for her and the toddler to do so that he can learn each day how to put his clothes on and how to interact with other children, this is a real big step for the toddler and the caregiver and I also enjoyed observing them. Child observation free essay sample All the children at Gerber Preschool are between the ages of 3 and 4 years old and mainly consist of lower to lower middle class Hispanic and Caucasian families. Mya is a small statured 3 year old Hispanic Caucasian female, with light olive-toned skin, long brown hair, and large brown eyes. Toby is an average statured 4 year old Caucasian male, fair-skinned, blue-eyed, short brown hair. Toby and Mya both seem to be in good physical heath. Jesus is a slightly above average statured 4 year old Hispanic male, with dark brown skin, short spikey black hair and brown eyes. Spanish is Jesus primary language at home but is encouraged to speak English at school. Mya, Toby, and Jesus all appear to be right handed and in good physical heath. Description of Setting: The observation session began on Tuesday May 7, 2013, at approximately 10:00 AM in Gerber, California; the preschool has 2 adults and 8-10 kids. All the children were in line waiting to exit out the back door to the playground. Santo attempts to join others but does not adjust his behavior in response to others; he is not able to take turns in play. Santo likes to play rough and when he is in trouble; he always blames the other kids and refuses to accept any responsibility. I observed a level of difficulty when he was trying to accomplish some physical tasks or activities. Language, listening and speaking shows some difficulty to where he should be according to his age. Santo has a hard time following directions and does not listen attentively. Santo penmanship is good holds the pencil and crayons the right way. Writes his full name. During free play/group activity, Santo choose to play with trains with a group of three other kids. They choose to play with the trains on the floor or build the tracks first before. I observed Santo waiting to play with the trains until the other children on his group build the tracks. I asked him if he could build his own tracks, he replied â€Å"yes† but when he tried he was not able to do it, he seemed to get a little frustrated for a little bit but then he asked the other children if he could join them and use the same tracks they had built, the other kids agreed and asked him to wait for his turn to put his trains on the track, Santo did not wait and knocked the other kids trains out of the track in order to place his; when the teacher asked him to wait for his turn he replied â€Å" M and A did not allowed me to play with them†, his teacher asked him if he will be happy or said if M and A did the same thing to him he replied â€Å"yes† but insisted on blaming the other children for not allowing him to play right away and refused to wait for his turn. After couple of minutes, he moved to play with blocks. Santo was able to build a small tower he came up to me and said, â€Å"You see the big tower I build†, I replied, â€Å"Thatâ₠¬â„¢s great I’m proud of you†; he seemed to be very proud. When D came to play along with Santo he was very happy and asked D â€Å"you want to play with me†, D replied â€Å"yes† but Santo did not continue building anything else, instead he decided to knocked the tower down and asked â€Å"D dook at this, you like it, is fun right†, D thought this was funny so Santo built the tower again and knocked it down, after the second time he was stopped by one of the teachers so he wouldn’t hurt the other kids. I observed representation and symbolic thinking during indoor and outdoor play, most of the time about the movie â€Å"cars†. Before going outdoor, Santo had a hard time putting his shoes the right way he tried a little longer than the other kids did. During outdoor play, I observed him playing with bicycles and on the playground on the slide and other climbing areas. Overall coordination, he had a hard time climbing running and jumping. He falls more often that the other children his age. Santo has a hard time pedaling the bicycle with enough coordination. He loves to run, some times when more then three kids were running in circles, he only seems to run with one other child, he ignores the rest of them, if the other kids got in his way he will just push them out. I asked him what his favorite sport is, he did not replied, I asked him if he likes to play any ball game, he replied, â€Å"I play soccer, I go play soccer last Sunday† . I had a hard time understanding what Santo wanted to say most of the time. If he said one word or a 2-word sentence like â€Å"yes please† it was clear but when his teacher or I asked him questions where the answer was expected to be to be longer, it was hard to understand him. I asked Santo if he likes to color with crayons or markers and he replied â€Å"I like to play with cars†, I asked him what your favorite color is and he replied, â€Å"I like cars, like this† and he pointed to his t-shirt he was wearing from the movie â€Å"Cars†. He holds he pencil and crayons the right way, he wrote his name and last name correctly. When the teacher gave the group directions to do a project, he was the only one who did not understand it even after the teacher explained it twice. The teacher explained to him in a different way but he still had a hard time completing the project. During lunchtime, Santo had a hard time opening his yogurt and peeling a banana Santo likes to go to the reading area but only if another child goes with him, if he’s there by himself he doesn’t choose any books to read but the minute some one else comes, he chooses a book and is always the book the other child has. During this observation, I have tried to be as objective as I could, during more than one occasion, I was tempted to intervene and control a situation but I was able to just observe and remain objective during the whole time. I believe Santo is in the Preoperational Stage with an Egocentrism limitation. Piaget defined his second stage by what it lacks: operations for Piaget, the term operations have a very particular meaning. Operations are mental actions that follow systematic, logical rules. When children are preoperational, they do not think in a logical way. According to Piaget, the major accomplishment of the preoperational stage is the ability to represent actions mentally rather than physically. Piaget also placed considerable emphasis on the limitations of children is thought at this age. Preoperational children may base their conclusions on a set of unrelated facts, or they may assume that things that just happen to occur at about the same time cause each other. For example, an angry child might accuse an innocent bystander of doing him harm by reasoning, â€Å"You were there when I fell, so it’s your fault that I hurt myself. † Magical explanations may be the best that children can do to understand the world, but this may lead to tricky situations when dealing with children who are convinced of the reality of their thoughts. Egocentrism. Piaget believed that young children find it difficult to see the world from another person’s point of view, especially if that point of view differs from their own. Piaget called this egocentrism (ego means â€Å"I† or â€Å"self†; therefore the child’s world centers around his own point of view). It really means that the child’s mind is insufficiently developed to allow her to understand that someone else’s perspective could be different from her own. The results may be a ‘Selfish† child who grabs toys from others, but the reason is that the child can not yet understand that someone else wants the same toy just as much as he does. Laura E. Levine Joyce Munsch. Child Development. An Active Learning Approach 2011. Pages 237, 238, 239. I believe he is delayed on his receptive and expressive language. The capabilities of these two regions do not develop at the same time. Infants understand words before they can say them. Another way we describe this is to say comprehension of language precedes production of language. Celce-Murcia Olshtain, 2001). Laura E. Levine Joyce Munsch. Child Development. An Active Learning Approach 2011. Page 304. By age 3, most children are putting together multiword sentences. Also, whereas younger children use only the basic forms of words, such as I go store, preschoolers begin to add morphemes. We define morpheme as the smallest unit that has meaning in a language. As the preschooler learns how to use morphemes more appropriately, she no longer says â€Å"I walk home† but rather â€Å"I walked home† when she means past tense. Laura Levine Joyce Munsch. Child Development. An active Learning Approach 2011. Page 312. Language Development of Preschoolers I also believe Santo is on the egocentric speech. Egocentric Speech, A limitation of youg children’s communication due to their inability to take the perspective of other people into account. For Piaget, the explanation for egocentric speech is that children are not born with social beings ; they must learn to be social and to understand other people’s point of view. When they do, their language becomes socialized, and communication is much more effective. Laura Levine Joyce Munsch. Child Development. An active Learning Approach 2011. Page 314 I also believe some of Santo’s behavior and development could be in some part of cultural based beliefs. I know for a fact that the culture from where Santo comes from, is used to help children to eat (they still spoon feed them until an older age than what the American culture is used to, they also help them get dress, independency is not encourage the way parents to in the American culture. American culture is much more concerned with the autonomous individual. Masuda and Nisbett (2001) demonstrated how cultural differences can affect our perceptions. Recent research has even shown cultural differences in brain function based on whether the individual was told to pay attention to context or not. The frontal regions of the brain, associated with control of attention, were more active when Americans were told to focus on context and East Asians were told not to focus on context (Hedden, Ketay,Aron,Markus, Gabrieli, 2008) Laura Levine Joyce Munsch. Child Development. An active Learning Approach 2011. Page 143